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Torrey Pines Institute for
Molecular Studies
3550 General Atomics Court, 2-129
San Diego, CA 92121-1122
USA
Scientists
Eli Sercarz
In Memoriam
Eli Sercarz, a native of New York, passed away on Tuesday November 3rd 2009 at his home in Topanga, Los Angeles, at the age of 75. Sercarz received his Ph.D. in Immunology at Harvard University in 1960 and completed postdoctoral research fellowships at Harvard (1960-1962) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1962-1963). Dr. Sercarz also held various positions in the Department of Bacteriology (1963-1970), the Department of Microbiology (1970-1997) and the Department of Immunology (1992-1997) at the University of California at Los Angeles. In 1997, he joined the faculty of the La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology as the head of the Division of Immune Regulation, and since 2002, he worked at the Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies.

During his long career Sercarz made major contributions to the fields of Autoimmunity, Tolerance, and T cell antigen recognition. He received numerous awards as both scientist and mentor, amongst them the American Association of Immunologists Excellence in Mentoring Award in 2007. He was a popular personality with enormous energy and passion for science, colleagues, friends and family. Sercarz was loved by many, and will be greatly missed.

Sercarz, a native of New York, received his Ph.D. in Immunology at Harvard University in 1960 and had postdoctoral research fellowships at Harvard (1956-1960) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1962-1963). Dr. Sercarz also held various positions in the Department of Bacteriology (1963-1970), the Department of Microbiology (1970-1997) and the Department of Immunology (1992-1997) at the University of California at Los Angeles.

Dr. Sercarz discovered that EAE, an MS-like disease in mice, is brought on by a specific group of immune cells, or T cells that drive the disease. By investigating these “driver” immune cells, Dr. Sercarz hoped to find the reason why these specific cells induce inflammation and have such a detrimental effect on the brain and spinal cord. He hoped to use these specific T cells to develop a vaccine that might stimulate the regulatory cells and treat humans with new vaccination strategies.

Positions and Honors

  • 1956-1960 Predoctoral fellow in Cellular Immunology, Harvard University, with Prof. A.H. Coons
  • 1960-1962 Postdoctoral fellow of the NIH, (Harvard University) with Dr. Luigi Gorini
  • 1962-1963 Postdoctoral fellow of the NIH, (MIT) with Dr. Salvador Luria
  • 1963-1967 Assistant Professor of Immunology, UCLA
  • 1967-1970 Associate Professor of Immunology, UCLA
  • 1970-1990 Professor I to VIII of Immunology, UCLA
  • 1990-1997 Professor, above-scale, UCLA
  • 1997-2002 Member & Head, Division of Immune Regulation,
    La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA
  • 2002-2009 Member & Head, Division of Immune Regulation,
    Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA

Honors and Awards

  • Guggenheim Fellow - National Institute for Medical Research, London (Mill Hill), 1970 - 1971
    Laboratory of N.A. Mitchison
  • Guggenheim Fellow - Centre d' Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy in the lab of Dr. Pierre Golstein,
    August 1977- July 1978
  • Exchange Appointee - National Academy of Sciences - (USA/USSR), Sept-Oct, 1983
  • Distinguished Immunologist Lectureships or Appointments

University of Pennsylvania, 198l - 1991

University of Texas-Galveston - 1985

University of Minnesota - 1986

MayoMedical School - 1987

University of Maryland - 1988

Chicago Association of Immunologists - 1991

University of Texas (Dallas) - 1992

Shanghai University - 1994

National Academy of Science, Institute of Medicine, Commission on Vaccine Priorities, 1994 - 1996

Washington University, St. Louis, 1996

University of Wisconsin, 1996

Burroughs-Welcome Lecturer, Johns Hopkins University, 1998

Publications

  1. Dai, Y.D., Marrero, I.G., Gros, P., Zaghouani, H., Wicker, L.S., Sercarz, E.E. Slc11a1 enhances the autoimmune diabetogenic T-cell response by altering processing and presentation of pancreatic islet antigens. Diabetes. 58(1):156-64, 2009.
  2. Dai, Y.D., Sercarz, E.E. Antigen processing patterns determine GAD65-specific regulation vs. pathogenesis. Front. Biosci. 14:344-51, 2009.
  3. Jensen, K., Sercarz, E.E., Raja Gabaglia, C. Altered peptide ligands can modify the Th2 T cell response to the immunodominant 161-175 peptide of LACK (Leishmania homolog for the receptor of activated C kinase). Mol. Immunol. 46(3):366-74, 2009. Epub Nov 29, 2008.
  4. Burton, A.R., Vincent, E., Arnold, P.Y., Lennon, G.P., Smeltzer, M., Li, C.S., Haskins, K., Hutton, J., Tisch, R.M., Sercarz, E.E., Santamaria, P., Workman, C.J. and Vignali, D. On the pathogenicity of autoantigen-specific T cell receptors. Diabetes, May; 57(5):1321-30, 2008.
  5. Dai, Y.D., Marrero, I., Jensen, K.P., Li, N., Quinn, A., Sercarz, E.E. N-terminal flanking residues of a diabetes-associated GAD65 determinant are necessary for activation of antigen-specific T cells in diabetes-resistant mice. Eur J. Immunology 38:1-9, 2008.
  6. Madakamutil, L., Maricic, I., Sercarz, E., Kumar, V. Immunodominance in the TCR repertoire of TCR peptide-specific CD4+ treg population that controls experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 180:4577-4585, 2008.
  7. Maverakis, E., Beech, J.T., Schneider, S. and Sercarz, E.E. Competitive capture during tolerance induction leads to the emergence of Ac1-9 as the dominant determinant in H-2u models of EAE. J. Autoimmunity 31(1):59-65, 2008.
  8. Penitente, R., Nicolo, C., Maverakis, E., Van den Elzen, P., Di Sante, G., Aloisi, F., Sercarz, E.E., and Ria, F. Administration of PLP139-151 primes T cells distinct from those spontaneously responsive to this antigen. J.Immunology 180:6611-6622, 2008.
  9. Raja-Gabaglia, C., de Durana, Y., Graham, F., Gauldie, J., Sercarz, E., and Braciak, T. Attenuation of the glucocorticoid response during Ad5IL-12 adenovirus vector treatment enhances NK cell-mediated killing of MHC class I-negative LNCaP prostate tumors. Cancer Res. 67(5): 2290-7, 2007.
  10. Quinn, A., McInerney, M., Huffman, D., McInerney B., Haskins, K., Sercarz, E.E. T cells to a dominant epitope of GAD65 express a public CDR3 motif. Int'l. Immun. 18(6):967-979, 2006.
  11. Dai, Y.D., Carayanniotis, G., Sercarz, E. Antigen processing by autoreactive B cells promotes determinant spreading. Cell. Mol. Immunol. 2:169-175, 2005.
  12. Dai, Y.D., Jensen, K.P., Lehuen, A., Masteller, E.L., Bluestone, J.A., Wilson, D.B., Sercarz, E. A peptide of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 can recruit and expand a diabetogenic T cell clone, BDC2.5, in the pancreas. J. Immunol. 175:3621-3627, 2005.
  13. Giannoni, F., Barnett, J., Bi, K., Samodal, R., Lanza, P., Marchese, P., Billetta, R., Vita, R., Klein, M.R., Prakken, R., Kwok, W.W., Sercarz, E., Altman, A., Albani, S. Clustering of T cell ligands on artificial APC membranes influences T cell activation and protein kinase C theta translocation to the T cell plasma membrane. J. Immunol. 174:3204-3211, 2005.
  14. Kumar, V., Sercarz, E. Feedback regulation of autoimmunity via TCR-centered regulation. Int. Rev. Immunol. 24:199-209, 2005.
  15. Moudgil, K.D, Sercarz, E.E. Crypticity of self antigenic determinants is the cornerstone of a theory of autoimmunity. Discovery Medicine 5:378-382, 2005.
  16. Moudgil, K.D., Sercarz, E.E. Understanding crypticity is the key to revealing the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Trends Immunol. 26:355-359, 2005.
  17. Sun, W., Nie, H., Li, N., Zang, Y.C., Zhang, D., Feng, G., Ni, L., Xu, R., Prasad, S., Robinson, R.R., Ho, W., Sercarz, E., Zhang, J.Z. Skewed T-cell receptor BV14 and BV16 expression and shared CDR3 sequence and common sequence motifs in synovial T cells of rheumatoid arthritis. Genes Immun. 1-14, 2005.
  18. Tang, X., Purohit, N., Bakamjian, B., Maricic, I., Sercarz, E., Kumar, V. Identification of a CD8 T cells in immune hemeostasis. FASEB Journal, 19(4):33, 2005.
  19. Gabaglia, C.R., Sercarz, E.E., Diaz-De-Durana, Y., Hitt, M., Graham, F.L., Gauldie, J., Braciak, T.A. Life-long systemic protection in mice vaccinated with L. major and adenovirus IL-12 vector requires active infection, macrophages and intact lymph nodes. Vaccine 23:247-257, 2004.
  20. Honda, A., Ametani, A., Matsumoto, T., Iwaya, A., Kano, H., Hachimura, S., Ohkawa, K., Kaminogawa, S., Suzuki, K., Sercarz, E.E., Kumar, V. Vaccination with an immunodominant peptide of bovine type II collagen induces an anti-TCR response, and modulates the onset and severity of collagen-induced arthritis. Int. Immunol. 16:737-745, 2004.
  21. Melo, M.E., Stevens, D.B., Sercarz, E.E., Gabaglia, C.R. Nasal instillation of gpMBP can exacerbate murine EAE: effect of mucosal priming is an age-dependent phenomenon. J. Autoimmun. 22:13-20, 2004.
  22. Ria, F., Gallard, A., Gabaglia, C.R., Guery, J.C., Sercarz, E.E., Adorini,L. Selection of similar naive T cell repertoires but induction of distinct T cell responses by native and modified antigen. J. Immunol. 172:3447-3453, 2004.
  23. Sercarz, E.E., Maverakis, E. Recognition and function in a degenerate immune system. Mol. Immunol. 40:1003-1008, 2004.
  24. Sinha, P., Chi, H.H., Kim, H.R., Clausen, B.E., Pederson, B., Sercarz, E.E., Forster, I., Moudgil, K.D. Mouse lysozyme-M knockout mice reveal how the self-determinant hierarchy shapes the T cell repertoire against this circulating self antigen in wild-type mice. J. Immunol. 173: 1763-1771, 2004.
  25. van den Elzen, P., Menezes, J.S., Ametani, A., Maverakis, E., Madakamutil, L., Tang, X., Kumar, V., Sercarz, E.E. Limited clonality in autoimmunity: drivers and regulators. Autoimmunity Reviews 3:524-529, 2004.
  26. Braciak, T.A., Pedersen, B., Chin, J., Hsiao, C., Ward, E.S., Maricic, I., Jahng, A., Graham, F.L., Gauldie, J., Sercarz, E.E., Kumar, V. Protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis generated by a recombinant adenovirus vector expressing the Vβ8.2 TCR is disrupted by coadministration with vectors expressing either IL-4 or -10. J. Immunol. 170:765-774, 2003.
  27. Elewaut, D., Lawton, A.P., Nagarajan, N.A., Maverakis, E., Khurana, A., Honing, S., Benedict, C.A., Sercarz, E., Bakke, O., Kronenberg, M., Prigozy, T.I. The adaptor protein AP-3 is required for CD1d-mediated antigen presentation of glycosphingolipids and development of Valpha14i NKT cells. J. Exp. Med. 198:1133-1146, 2003.
  28. Im, J.S., Quinn, A., Sercarz, E.E., Lake, D.F. Molecular profile of the T cell receptors of regulatory and effector CD4+ T cells recognizing overlapping determinants on glutamic acid decarboxylase (524-543). Mol. Immunol. 40:971-980, 2003.
  29. Madakamutil, L.T., Maricic, I., Sercarz, E., Kumar, V. Regulatory T cells control autoimmunity in vivo by inducing apoptotic depletion of activated pathogenic lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 170:2985-2992, 2003.
  30. Maverakis, E., Beech, J., Stevens, D.B., Ametani, A., Brossay, L., van den Elzen, P., Mendoza, R., Thai, Q., Madas, L.H., Ethell, D., Campagnoni, C.W., Sette, A., Sercarz, E.E. Autoreactive T cells can be protected from tolerance induction through competition by flanking determinants for access to class II MHC. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:5342-7, 2003.
  31. Nepom, G., Quinn, A., Sercarz, E., Wilson, D.B. How important is GAD in the etiology of spontaneous disease in human and murine type 1 diabetes? J. Autoimmun. 20:193-194, 2003.
  32. Rubin, B., de Durana, Y.D., Li, N., Sercarz, E.E. Regulator T cells: specific for antigen and/or antigen receptors? Scand. J. Immunol. 57:399-409, 2003.
  33. Sercarz, E., Maverakis, E., van den Elzen, P., Madakamutil, L., Kumar, V. Seven surprises in the TCR-centred regulation of immune responsiveness in an autoimmune system. Novartis Found. Symp. 252:165-171, 2003.
  34. Sercarz, E.E. Large antigens such as GAD-65 become involved in pathogenic self-reactivity, but fortunately only rarely. J. Autoimmun. 20:203-206, 2003.
  35. Sercarz, E.E. Arraying autoimmunity treatment. Nature Biotechnol. 21:1017-19, 2003.
  36. Sercarz, E.E., Maverakis, E. MHC-guided processing: binding of large antigen fragments. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3:621-9, 2003.
  37. Maverakis, E., Beech, J., Deng, H., Schneider, S., Van den Elzen, P., Madakamutil, L., Ria, F., Moudgil, K., Kumar, V., Campagnoni, A., Sercarz, E.E. Determination of the expressed repertoire: the outcome of competition at all levels of antigen presentation and TCR recognition. In: Epitope recognition since Landsteiner's discovery: Springer Publications, Chapter 4, 2002.
  38. Melo, M.E.F., Gabaglia, C.R., Mougdil, K.D., Sercarz, E.E., Quinn, A. Strain-dependent effect of nasal instillation of antigen on the immune response in mice. Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 4 (Supp 11):902-907, 2002.
  39. Kumar, V., Maglione, J., Thatte, J., Pedersen, B, Sercarz, E., Ward, E.S. Induction of a type 1 regulatory CD4 T cell response following Vβ8.2 DNA vaccination results in immune deviation and protection from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Intl. Immunol. 13:835-841, 2001.
  40. Kumar, V., Sercarz, E. An integrative model of regulation centered on recognition of TCR peptide/MHC complexes. Immunol. Reviews 182:113-121, 2001.
  41. Kumar, V., Sercarz, E., Zhang, J, Cohen, I. T cell vaccination: from basics to the clinic. Trends in Immunology 22:539-540, 2001.
  42. Quinn, A., Kumar, V., Jensen, K., Sercarz, E. Interactions of effectors and regulators are decisive in the manifestation of IDDM in NOD mice. Molecular pathology of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Curr. Dir. Autoimmun. 4:171-192, 2001.
  43. Maverakis, E., Mendoza, R., Southwood, S., Gabaglia, C.R., Abromson-Leeman, S., Campagnoni, A.T., Sette, A., Sercarz, E.E. Immunogenicity of self antigens is unrelated to MHC-binding affinity: T-cell determinant structure of Golli-MBP in the BALB/c mouse. J. Autoimmun. 15:315-322, 2000.
  44. Schneider, S.C., Ohmen, J., Fosdick, L., Gladstone, B., Guo, J., Kim, B.S., Ametani, A., Sercarz, E.E., Deng, H. Cutting Edge: Introduction of an endopeptidase cleavage motif into a determinant flanking region of hen egg lysozyme results in enhanced T cell determinant display. J. Immunol. 165:20-23, 2000.
  45. Wilson, S.S., van den Elzen, P., Maverakis, E., Beech, J.T., Braciak, T.A., Kumar, V., Sercarz, E. Residual public repertoires to self. J. Neuroimmunol. 107:233-239, 2000.
  46. Gabaglia, C.R., Pedersen, B., Hitt. M., Burdin, N., Sercarz, E.E., Graham, F.L., Gauldie, J., Braciak, T.A. A single intramuscular injection with an adenovirus-expressing IL-12 protects BALB/c mice against Leishmania major infection, while treatment with an IL-4-expressing vector increases disease susceptibility in B10.D2 mice. J. Immunol. 162:753-760, 1999.
  47. Kumar, V., Sercarz, E. Distinct levels of regulation in organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Life Sci. 65:1523-1530, 1999.
  48. Moudgil, K., Southwood, S., Ametani, A., Kim, K., Sette, A., Sercarz, E.E. The self-directed T cell repertoire against mouse lysozyme reflects the influence of the hierarchy of its own determinants and can be engaged by a foreign lysozyme. J. Immunol. 163:4232-4237, 1999.
  49. Borghans, J.A.M., De Boer, R.J., Sercarz, E., Kumar, V. T cell vaccination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a mathematical model. J. Immunol. 161:1087-1093, 1998.
  50. Kumar, V., Sercarz, E. Induction or protection from autoimmune disease depends upon the cytokine secretion profile of TCR peptide specific CD4 T cells. J. Immunol. 161:6585-6591, 1998.
  51. Kumar, V., Sercarz, E., Adorini, L. Regulatory mechanisms in organ-specific autoimmunity. Immunologist. 6:161-166, 1998.
  52. Quinn, A., Gabaglia, C.R., Schneider, S.C., Braciak, T., Sercarz, E. Immune response. In: Encyclopedia of Immunology (2nd ed.)(Delves, P., Ed.), Academic Press, London, 1998.
  53. Kumar, V., Aziz, F., Sercarz, E., Miller, A. Regulatory T cells specific for the same framework 3 region of the V?8.2 chain are involved in the control of collagen II-induced arthritis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Exp. Med. 185:1725-1733, 1997.
  54. Kumar, V., Coulsell, E., Hubbard, G., Ober, B., Sercarz, E., E., Ward, E.S. Recombinant single chain TCR molecules can prevent and reverse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 159:5150-5156, 1997.
  55. Kumar, V., Sercarz, E. Structure of the antigenic determinant or the execution of T cell regulatory circuitry can result in immune deviation. In: Th1/Th2 regulation, Landes Inc., pp 91-103, 1997.
  56. Kumar, V., Moudgil, K.D., Singh, R.R., Sercarz, E.E. Protected repertoires, the cryptic self and autoimmunity. In: New Trends in Immunological diseases. Acad. Press, p49-59, 1996.
  57. Kumar, V., Sercarz, E. Dysregulation of potentially pathogenic self-reactivity is crucial for the manifestation of clinical autoimmunity. J. Neurosci. Res. 45:334-339, 1996.
  58. Kumar, V., Sercarz, E. Genetic vaccination: the advantages of going naked. Nature Med. 2:11-12, 1996
  59. Kumar, V., Stellrecht, K., Sercarz, E. Inactivation of TCR peptide-specific regulatory CD4 T cells leads to chronic EAE. J. Exp. Med. 184:1609-1617, 1996.
  60. Moudgil, K.D., Deng, H.-K., Nanda, N.K., Grewal, I.S., Ametani, A., Sercarz, E.E. Antigen processing and T cell repertories as crucial aleatory features in induction of autoimmunity. J. Autoimmunity 9:227-234, 1996.
  61. Sercarz, E., Deng, H., Grewal, I., Kumar, V., Moudgil K. T cell repertoire directed against dominant and cryptic self-determinants. In: Transplantation tolerance induction, Landes Co. p111-117, 1996.
  62. Kumar, V., Bhardwaj, V., Soares, L., Alexander, J., Sette, A., Sercarz, E. MHC-ligand affinity of an antigenic determinant is crucial for differential secretion of IFN-? or IL-4 by T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:9510-9514, 1995.
  63. Kumar, V., Sercarz, E. Natural priming of functional TCR-peptide-specific T cells indicates that TCR determinants are involved in the regulation of autoimmune disease. In: T cell vaccination and autoimmune disease, Eds., J. Zhang and J. Raus, R.G. Landes Company, Austin, pp 21-35, 1995.
  64. Kumar, V., Tabibiazar, R., Geysen, M., Sercarz, E. Immunodominant framework region 3 peptide from TCR V?8.2 chain controls murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 154:1941-1950, 1995.
  65. Singh, R.R., Kumar, V., Ebling, F., Southwood, S., Sette, A., Sercarz, E., Hahn, B.H. T cell determinants from autoantibodies to DNA can upregulate autoimmunity in murine lupus. J. Exp. Med. 181:2017-2027, 1995.
  66. Soares, L., Deng, H., Grewal, I.S., Kumar, V., Miller, A., Moudgil, K., Palmer, M., Sercarz, E. Determinant flanking regions and the design of appropriate vaccines. Annals NY Acad. Sci. 754:48-56, 1995.
  67. Bhardwaj, V., Kumar, V., Grewal, I., Dao, T., Lehmann, P. Geysen, M., Sercarz, E. The T cell determinant structure of myelin basic protein in B10.PL, SJL, and their F1s. J. Immunol. 152:3711-3719, 1994.
  68. Kumar, V., Bhardwaj, V., Sercarz, E. T cell recognition of defined peptides and autoimmune response. In: Handbook of T and B cells. Ed. C.C. Snow, Academic Press, pp 269-287, 1994.
  69. Kumar, V., Sercarz, E. Holes in the T cell repertoire to MBP owing to the absence of the D?2-J?2 gene cluster: Implications for TCR recognition and autoimmunity. J. Exp. Med. 179:1637-1643, 1994.
  70. Kumar, V., Sercarz, E. Maintenance and re-establishment of self-tolerance: TCR-peptide-specific regulatory T cells. In: Autoimmunity: Experimental aspects. Ed. M. Zouali, Springer-Verlag. Berlin, pp 29-38, 1994.
  71. Kumar, V., Sercarz, E. Self-determinant selection and selective regulation. Chem. Immunol. 60:1-19, 1994.
  72. Ametani, A., Sercarz, E.E. The nature of B and T cell determinants. In: Immunology series, volume 59, monoclonal antibody and peptide therapy in autoimmune diseases (J.-F. Bach, ed.) Marcel Dekker, New York, 59:13-28, 1993.
  73. Bhardwaj, V., Kumar, V., Geysen H.M., Sercarz, E. Degenerate recognition of a dissimilar antigenic peptide by MBP-reactive T cells: Implications for thymic education and autoimmunity. J. Immunol. 151:5000-5011, 1993.
  74. Kumar, V., Sercarz, E. The involvement of TCR-peptide-specific regulatory CD4+ T cells in recovery from antigen-induced autoimmune disease. J. Exp. Med. 178:909-916, 1993.
  75. Moudgil, K.D., Ametani, A., Grewal, I.S., Kumar, V., Sercarz, E.E. Processing of self-proteins and its impact on shaping the T cell repertoire, autoimmunity and immune regulation. Int. Rev. Immunol. 10:365-377, 1993.
  76. Sercarz, E.E., Lehmann, P.V., Ametani, A., Benichou, G., Miller, A., Moudgil, K. Dominance and crypticity of T cell antigenic determinants. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 11:729-766, 1993.
  77. Bhardwaj, V., Kumar, V., Geysen, H.M., Sercarz, E. Subjugation of dominant immunogenic determinants within a chimeric peptide. Eur. J. Immunol. 22:2009-2016, 1992.
  78. Kumar, V., Sercarz, E. T cell regulatory circuitry: Antigen-specific and TCR-idiopeptide specific T cell interactions in EAE. Intl. Rev. Immunol. 9: 269-279, 1992.
  79. Bhardwaj, V., Kumar, V., Lehmann, P.V., Sercarz, E. Mimicry and dominance in the T cell response to self proteins. In: Lymphatic Tissues and In Vivo Immune Responses. Eds., Ezine, S., S Berrih-Aknin and B. Imhof, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1991.
  80. Gammon, G., Geysen, M., Apple, R., Pickett, E., Palmer, M., Ametani, A., Sercarz, E. T cell determinant structure: cores and determinant envelopes in three mouse MHC haplotypes. J. Exp. Med. 173:609-617, 1991.
  81. Kumar, V., Sercarz, E. Regulation of autoimmune disease. Current Opinion in Immunology 3:888-895, 1991.
  82. Sercarz, E., Ametani, A., Apple, R., Cogswell, J., Gammon, G., Miller, A. How successful a T cell determinant will be depends on aleatory features of its molecular context. In: Immunogenicity: Proceedings of a UCLA Symposia Held at Steamboat Springs, Colorado, January 21-28, 1989 (C. A. Janeway, Jr., J. Sprent and E. Sercarz, eds.) Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 37-45, 1990.
  83. Ametani, A., Apple, R., Bhardwaj, V., Gammon, G., Miller, A., Sercarz, E. Examining the crypticity of antigenic determinants. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 54: 505-511. 1989.
  84. Urban, J., Kumar, V., Kono, D., Gomez, C., Horvath, S.J., Clayton, J., Ando, D., Sercarz, E., Hood, L. Restricted use of TCR V genes in murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis raises possibilities for antibody therapy. Cell 54:577-592, 1988.
  85. Miller, A., Ch'ng, L.K., Benjamin, C., Sercarz, E., Brodeur, P., Riblet, R. Detailed analysis of the public idiotype of anti-hen egg-white lysozyme antibodies. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 418:140-150, 1983.
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