Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies science image
Torrey Pines Institute for
Molecular Studies
3550 General Atomics Court, 2-129
San Diego, CA 92121-1122
USA
Scientists
Richard A. Houghten

President

858.597.3805 - phone
858.597.3804 - fax

Founder

Richard A. Houghten, is the founder and President of Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies. The Institute was founded in 1988, and began its operations in 1989 with eight employees. Now in its 17th year, it has become internationally recognized for its scientific contributions in a wide range of fields, including chemistry, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, immunology, infectious disease, heart disease, cancer vaccines and pain management. The institute has grown to include over 75 scientists, technicians and administrative staff, all of whom work in an environment that emphasizes personal and professional growth by encouraging the development of independent research ideas as well as the development of collaborative efforts with scientists throughout the world.

Dr. Houghten received his doctorate in organic chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1975. Following positions at the University of California, San Francisco, and Mount Sinai School of Medicine, he joined The Scripps Research Institute in 1981. In addition to Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, he founded three commercial businesses, including one which became a publicly-traded biotechnology company.

His achievements have been recognized in the form of numerous honors and awards. Most recently, his contributions to the field of combinatorial chemistry and peptide science was acknowledged by the Bruce Merrifield Award in 2005. Just one year prior, he was awarded the 2004 Ralph F. Hirschmann Award in Peptide Chemistry by the American Chemical Society. Other honors received include the Vincent du Vigneaud Award for Excellence in Peptide Science (2000) and the UCSD Connect Athena Pinnacle Award for Empowering Women in the Workplace. His acceptance of the Athena Pinnacle Award in 1999 further distinguishes Dr. Houghten and his dedication to the mentoring and advancement of women scientists in the work place.

Dr. Houghten’s scientific contributions include the “tea bag” approach, which was originally utilized to facilitate the synthesis of peptides in 1985. The tea bag method, in which solvent permeable packets are used during the synthesis process, has now resulted in not only the synthesis of millions of peptides, but also the synthesis of millions of low molecular weight compounds.

In collaboration with his long time associates and colleagues at Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, he developed approaches in combinatorial chemistry which are invaluable for the rapid identification of individual compounds from millions to billions of others (positional scanning), the use of existing combinatorial libraries to generate entirely new diversities of compounds (libraries from libraries), the cross-referencing of library screening results with gene data bases in order to fine-tune the direction towards which further testing moves for a given disease target (biometrical analysis), and novel volatilizable solid supports. Many of these technologies have resulted in “leads”, which are today undergoing further testing and analysis in pharmaceutical companies.

Publications

  1. Yongye, AB, Li, Y, Giulianotti, MA, Yu, Y, Houghten, RA, Martínez-Mayorga, K. Modeling of Peptides Containing D-Amino Acids: Implications on Cyclization. J Comput Aided Mol Des. 23(9):677-89, 2009.
  2. Li, Y, Yongye, BA, Giulianotti, MA, Martínez-Mayorga, K, Yu, Y, Houghten, RA. Synthesis of Cyclic Peptide through Direct Aminolysis of a Peptide Thioester in an Aqueous Organic Solvent. J Comb Chem. Epub Oct 6, 2009.
  3. Li, Y, Giulianotti, M, Houghten, RA. Solid phase synthesis of 2-alkylidene-6-alkyl-imidazo [2, 1-b] thiazole- 3, 5[2H, 6H]-dione derivatives. Tetrahedron Letters. 50(42):5857-9, 2009.
  4. Nefzi, A, Appel, J, Arutyunyan, S, Houghten, RA. Parallel synthesis of chiral pentaamines and pyrrolidine containing bis-heterocyclic libraries. Multiple scaffolds with multiple building blocks: A double diversity for the identification of new antitubercular compounds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 19(17):5169-75, 2009.
  5. Kowalska, D., Liu, J., Appel, J.R., Ozawa, A., Nefzi, A., Mackin, R.B., Houghten, R.A., Lindberg, I. Synthetic small-molecule prohormone convertase 2 inhibitors. Mol. Pharmacol. 75(3):617-25, 2009.
  6. Li, Y., Yu, Y., Giulianotti, M., Houghten, R.A. One-Pot High-Throughput Synthesis of beta-Turn Cyclic Peptidomimetics via "Volatilizable" Supports. J. Org. Chem. Epub Jan 27, 2009. [Epub ahead of print.]
  7. Medina-Franco, J.L., Martínez-Mayorga, K., Bender, A., Marín, R.M., Giulianotti, M.A., Pinilla, C., Houghten, R.A. Characterization of Activity Landscapes Using 2D and 3D Similarity Methods: Consensus Activity Cliffs. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 49:477-91, 2009.
  8. Nagasaki, H., Chung, S., Dooley, C.T., Wang, Z., Li, C., Saito, Y., Clark, S.D., Houghten, R.A., Civelli, O. The pharmacological properties of a novel MCH(1) receptor antagonist isolated from combinatorial libraries. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 602(2-3):194-202, 2009 Epub Nov 17, 2008.
  9. Singh, N., Guha, R., Giulianotti, M., Pinilla, C., Houghten, R., Medina-Franco, J.L. Chemoinformatic Analysis of Combinatorial Libraries, Drugs, Natural Products, and Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 49(4):1010-24. Epub Mar 20, 2009.
  10. Yongye, A.B., Appel, J.R., Giulianotti, M.A., Dooley, C.T., Medina-Franco, J.L., Nefzi, A., Houghten, R.A., Martínez-Mayorga, K. Identification, structure-activity relationships and molecular modeling of potent triamine and piperazine opioid ligands. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Epub Jun 21, 2009. [Epub ahead of print.]
  11. Li, Y., Houghten, R.A. High Throughput Parallel Synthesis of 3, 4-disubstituted 1-(\-hydroxyalkyl) imidazolin-2-ones on ‘Volatilizable’ Supports. Tetrahedron Letters, TETL33971 S0040-4039(08)00654-0, 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.03.156.
  12. Martinez-Mayorga, K., Medina-Franco, J., Giulianotti, M.A., Pinilla, C., Dooley, C.T., Appel, J.R. and Houghten, R.A. Conformation-Opioid Activity Relationships of Bicyclic Guanidines from 3D Similarity Analysis. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 16(11):5932-5938, 2008. Epub Apr 27, 2008.
  13. Medina-Franco, J.L., MartĚnez-Mayorga, K., Giulianotti, M.A., Houghten, R.A., Pinilla, C. Visualization of the Chemical Space in Drug Discovery. Curr.Comput.Aided Drug Des. 4:323-334, 2008.
  14. Nagasaki, H., Chung, S., Dooley, C.T., Wang, Z., Li, C., Saito, Y., Clark, S.D., Houghten, R.A., Civelli, O. The pharmacological properties of a novel MCH(1) receptor antagonist isolated from combinatorial libraries. Eur J. Pharmacol. Epub Nov 17, 2008. [Epub ahead of print.]
  15. Vanderah, T.W., Largent-Milnes, T., Lai, J., Porreca, F., Houghten, R.A., Menzaghi, F., Wisniewski, K., Stalewski, J, Sueiras-Diaz, J., Galyean, R., Schteingart, C., Junien, J.L., Trojnar, J., RiviËre, P.J. Novel D-amino acid tetrapeptides produce potent antinociception by selectively acting at peripheral kappa-opioid receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 583(1):62-72, 2008.
  16. Xie, J., Sun, J., Zhang, G., Houghten, R.A., Yu, Y. A Traceless Approach for the Solid-Phase Parallel Synthesis of Trisubstituted Oxindoles. J. Comb. Chem. 10(5):752, 2008.
  17. Zhang, Y., Yao, C., Houghten, R.A., Yu, Y. Solid-phase synthesis of 4,8-disubstituted-8,9-dihydropyrazino[2,3-g]quinazolin-7(6H)-ones. Biopolymers 90(3):439-43, 2008.
  18. Hoesl, C.E., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A., Nefzi, A. Solid phase synthesis of 3,4,7-trisubstituted 4,5,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-imidazo[1,2-a][1,3,5]triazepin-2(7H)-thiones and N-alkyl-4,5,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-imidazo[1,2-a][1,3,5]triazepin-2-amines. J. Comb Chem. 8:127-131, 2006.
  19. Houghten, R.A., Dooley, C.T., Appel, J.R. In vitro and direct in vivo testing of mixture-based combinatorial libraries for the identification of highly active and specific opiate ligands. The AAPS Journal 8:E371-382, 2006.
  20. Houghten, R.A., Dooley, C.T., Appel, J.R. Mixture-based combinatorial libraries. Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides, 1478-1494, 2006.
  21. Nefzi, A., Hoesl, C.E., Pinilla, C., Kauffman, G.B., Maggiora, G.M., Pasquale, E., Houghten, R.A. Synthesis of platinum(II) chiral tetraamine coordination complexes J. Comb. Chem. 8:780-783, 2006.
  22. Nefzi, A., Ostresh, J.M., Appel, J.R., Bidlack, J., Dooley, C.T., Houghten, R.A. Identification of potent and highly selective chiral tri-amine and tetra-amine u opoid receptors ligands. An example of lead optimization using mixture based libraries. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 16:4331-4338, 2006.
  23. Carter, B., Gronda, M., Wang, Z., Welsh, K., Pinilla, C., Andreeff, M., Schober, W., Nefzi, A., Pond, G., Mawji, I., Houghten, R., Ostresh, J., Brandwein, J., Minden, M., Schuh, A., Wells, R., Messner, H., Chun, K., Reed, J. Schimmer, A. Small-molecule XIAP inhibitors depress downstream effector caspases and induce apoptosis of acute myeloid leukemia cells. Blood 105:4043-4050, 2005.
  24. Houghten, R.A. From Tens to Trillions - Advances in Synthetic Combinatorial Chemistry of Peptides, Peptidomimetics and Heterocyclic Compounds Derived from Peptides in press, Proceedings of the 19th APS. Understanding Biology Using Peptides, Blondelle, S. (Editor), 2005.
  25. Houghten, R.A., Yu, Y. "Volatilizable" supports for high-throughput organic synthesis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127:8582-8583, 2005.
  26. Kater, A.P., Dicker, F., Mangiola, M., Welsh, K., Houghten, R., Ostresh, J., Nefzi, A., Reed, J.C., Pinilla, C., Kipps, T.J. Inhibitors of XIAP sensitize CD40-activated chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to CD95-mediated apoptosis. Blood 106:1742-1748, 2005.
  27. Hoesl, C.E., Nefzi, A., Houghten, R.A. Halogenoalkyl isocyanates a bifunctional reagents in an Aza-Wittig/heterocyclization reaction on the solid phase: efficient entry into new tetra-cyclic benzimidazole systems J. Comb. Chem. 6:220-223, 2004.
  28. Houghten, R.A., Dooley, C.T., Appel, J.R. De novo identification of highly active fluorescent kappa opioid ligands from a rhodamine labeled tetrapeptide positional scanning library. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 14:1947-1951, 2004.
  29. Nefzi, A., Ostresh, J.M., Yu, Y., Houghten, R.A. Combinatorial chemistry: libraries from libraries, the art of the diversity-oriented transformation of resin-bound peptides and chiral polyamides to low molecular weight acyclic and heterocyclic compounds. J. Org. Chem. 69:3603-3609, 2004.
  30. Orfi, L., Waczek, F., Pato, J., Varga, I., Hegymegi-Barakonyi, B., Houghten, R.A., Keri, G. Improved, high yield synthesis of 3H-quinazolin-4-ones, the key intermediates of recently developed drugs. Curr. Med. Chem. 11:2549-53, 2004
  31. Schimmer, A.D., Welsh, K., Pinilla, C., Wang, Z., Krajewska, M., Bonneau, M.-J., Pedersen, I.M., Kitada, S., Scott, F.L., Bailly-Maitre, B., Glinsky, G., Scudiero, D., Sausville, E., Salvesen, G., Nefzi, A., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A., Reed, J.C. Small-molecule antagonists of apoptosis suppressor XIAP exhibit broad antitumor activity. Cancer Cell 5:25-35, 2004.
  32. Shukaliak, Quandt J., Borras, E., Prat, E., Gelderblom, H., Houghten, R.A., Kashani, A., Pinilla, C., Stuerzebecher, C.S., Martin, R. Peptidic complex mixtures as therapeutic agents in CNS autoimmunity. Mol. Immunol. 40:1075-1087, 2004.
  33. Wang, Z., Cuddy, M., Samuel, T., Welsh, K., Schimmer, A., Hanaii, F., Houghten, R., Pinilla, C., Reed, J.C. Cellular, biochemical, and genetic analysis of mechanism of small molecule IAP inhibitors. J. Biol. Chem. 279:48168-48176, 2004.
  34. Wilson, D.B., Wilson, D.H., Schroder, K., Pinilla, C., Blondelle, S., Houghten, R.A., Garcia, K.C. Specificity and degeneracy of T cells. Mol. Immunol. 40:1047-1055, 2004
  35. Yu, Y., Nefzi, A., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. Parallel solid phase synthesis, mixture based combinatorial libraries & libraries from libraries: The versatility of chiral polyamines. In: Innovation and Perspectives in Solid Phase Synthesis & Combinatorial Libraries 2004 (Epton, R., Ed.), Mayflower Worldwide, Kingswinford, UK, pp. 1-4, 2004.
  36. Yu, Y., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. A traceless approach for the solid-phase synthesis of 6-amino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diones. J. Comb. Chem. 6:83-85, 2004.
  37. Yu, Y., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. Solid-phase synthesis of 5-aminotetrazoles. Tetrahedron Lett. 45:7787-7789, 2004.
  38. Hamashin, C., Spindler, L., Russell, S., Schink, A., Lambkin, I., O'Mahony, D., Houghten, R., Pinilla, C. Identification of novel small-molecule Ulex europaeus I mimetics for targeted drug delivery. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 11:4991-4997, 2003.
  39. Hoesl, C.E., Nefzi, A., Houghten, R.A. Parallel solid-phase synthesis of 2-imino-4-oxo-1,3,5-triazino[1,2-a]benzimidazoles via tandem aza-Wittig/heterocumulene-mediated annulation reaction. J. Comb. Chem. 5:155-160, 2003.
  40. Hoesl, C.E., Nefzi, A., Houghten, R.A. Abnormal aza-Wittig reaction on the solid phase: chemoselectivity studies towards the parallel synthesis of 3-aryl-2,4-dioxo-1,3,5-triazino[1,2-a]benzimidazoles Tetrahedron Lett. 44:3705-3708, 2003.
  41. Hoesl, C.E., Nefzi, A., Ostresh, J.M., Yu, Y., Houghten, R.A. Mixture-based combinatorial libraries: From peptides and peptidomimetics to small molecule acyclic and heterocyclic compounds. Methods Enzymol. 369:496-517, 2003.
  42. Lambkin, I., Pinilla, C., Hamashin, C., Spindler, L., Russell, S., Schink, A., Moya-Castro, R., Allicotti, G., Higgins, L., Smith, M., Dee, J., Wilson, C., Houghten, R., O'Mahony, D. Toward targeted oral vaccine delivery systems: selection of lectin mimetics from combinatorial libraries. Pharm. Res. 20:1258-1266, 2003.
  43. Nefzi, A., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. Combinatorial chemistry: Mixture-based combinatorial libraries of acyclic and heterocyclic compounds from amino acids and short peptides. In: Modern Methods of Drug Discovery (Hillisch, A., Hilgenfeld, R., Eds.) Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp. 109-123, 2003.
  44. Nefzi, A., Vidal, A., Rinnova, M., Houghten, R.A. N-Substituted benzotriazole: Useful template for the solid-phase synthesis of diverse small molecule compounds. In: Innovation and Perspectives in Solid Phase Synthesis & Combinatorial Libraries 2002 (Epton, R., Ed.), Mayflower Worldwide, Kingswinford, UK, pp. 185-188, 2003.
  45. Pinilla, C., Appel, J.R., Borras, E., Houghten, R.A. Advances in the use of synthetic combinatorial chemistry: Mixture-based libraries. Nat. Med. 9:118-122, 2003.
  46. Yu, Y., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. The combined solid/solution-phase synthesis of nitrosamines: the evolution of the "libraries from libraries" concept. J. Org. Chem. 68:183-186, 2003.
  47. Yu, Y., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. Solid-phase synthesis of indolines via palladium-catalyzed cyclization. Tetrahedron Lett. 44:2569-2572, 2003.
  48. Yu, Y., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. Solid-phase synthesis of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazoles. Tetrahedron Lett. 44:7841-7843, 2003.
  49. Acharya, A.N., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. Solid-phase parallel synthesis of dihydroimidazolyl dihydrobenzimidazol-2-ones. Tetrahedron 58:2095-2100, 2002.
  50. Acharya, A.N., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. Solid-phase parallel synthesis of substituted dihydroimidazolyl dihydroimidazol-3-ium salts. Tetrahedron Lett. 43:1157-1160, 2002.
  51. Acharya, A.N., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. Solid-phase parallel synthesis of dihydroimidazolyl dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones. Tetrahedron 58:221-225, 2002.
  52. Acharya, A.N., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. Determination of isokinetic ratios necessary for equimolar incorporation of carboxylic acids in the solid-phase synthesis of mixture-based combinatorial libraries. Biopolymers 65:32-39, 2002.
  53. Acharya, A.N., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. Novel approaches for the solid-phase synthesis of biheterocyclic dihydroimidazole analogues. J. Comb. Chem. 4:214-222, 2002.
  54. Acharya, A.N., Thai, C., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. Use of Vilsmeier reagent for the solid-phase synthesis of 1,5-disubstituted 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoles and disubstituted 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazolyl benzimidazoles. J. Comb. Chem. 4:496-500, 2002.
  55. Borras, E., Martin, R., Judkowski, V., Shukaliak, J., Zhao, Y., Rubio-Godoy, V., Valmori, D., Wilson, D., Simon, R., Houghten, R., Pinilla, C. Findings on T cell specificity revealed by synthetic combinatorial libraries. J. Immunol. Methods 267:79-97, 2002.
  56. Dutoit, V., Rubio-Godoy, V., Pittet, M.J., Zippelius, A., Dietrich, P.Y., Legal, F.A., Guillaume, P., Romero, P., Cerottini, J.C., Houghten, R.A., Pinilla, C., Valmori, D. Degeneracy of antigen recognition as the molecular basis for the high frequency of naive A2/Melan-a peptide multimer+ CD8+ T cells in humans. J. Exp. Med. 196:207-216, 2002.
  57. Klein, G., Acharya, A.N., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. Parallel solid-phase synthesis of trisubstituted triazinobenzimidazolediones. J. Comb. Chem. 4:345-351, 2002.
  58. Nefzi, A., Giulianotti, M., Truong, L., Rattan, S., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. Solid phase synthesis of linear ureas tethered to hydantoins and thiohydantoins. J. Comb. Chem. 4:175-178, 2002.
  59. Nefzi, A., Mimna, R.A., Houghten, R.A. Parallel solid-phase synthesis of 1,6-piperazine-2-ones J. Comb. Chem. 4:542-545, 2002.
  60. Pinilla, C., Giulianotti, M., Houghten, R. How to screen trillions of drug candidate compounds SP2 June:36-37, 2002.
  61. Pinilla, C., Giulianotti, M., Houghten, R. Mixed libraries speed up HTS even further SP2 August:18-19, 2002.
  62. Rinnova, M., Nefzi, A., Houghten, R.A. An expedient method for solid-phase synthesis of α-aminoalkyl phosphopeptides. Tetrahedron Lett. 43:4103-4106, 2002
  63. Rinnova, M., Nefzi, A., Houghten, R.A. An efficient approach for solid-phase synthesis of peptidomimetics based on 4-imidazolidinones. Tetrahedron Lett. 43:2343-2346, 2002.
  64. Rinnova, M., Nefzi, A., Houghten, R.A. Opioid activity of 4-imidazolidinone positional analogues of Leu-Enkephalin Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 12: 3175-3178, 2002.
  65. Rinnova, M., Vidal, A., Nefzi, A., Houghten, R.A. Solid-phase synthesis of 1,2,5-trisubstituted 4-imidazolidinones. J. Comb. Chem. 4:209-213, 2002.
  66. Rubio-Godoy, V., Ayyoub, M., Dutoit, V., Servis, C., Schink, A., Rimoldi, D., Romero, P., Cerottini, J.-C., Simon, R., Zhao, Y., Houghten, R.A., Pinilla, C., Valmori, D. Combinatorial peptide library based identification of peptide ligands for tumor-reactive cytolytic T lymphocytes of unknown specificity. Eur. J. Immunol. 32: 2292-2299, 2002.
  67. Rubio-Godoy, V., Dutoit, V., Zhao, Y., Simon, R., Guillaume, P., Houghten, R.A., Romero, P., Cerottini, J.C., Pinilla, C., Valmori, D. Positional scanning-synthetic peptide library-based analysis of self- and pathogen-derived peptide coss-reactivity with tumor-reactive Melan-A-specific CTL. J. Immunol. 169:5696-5707, 2002.
  68. Rubio-Godoy, V., Pinilla, C., Dutoit, V., Borras, E., Simon, R., Zhao, Y., Cerottini, J.-C., Romero, P., Houghten, R.A., Valmori, D. Toward synthetic combinatorial peptide libraries in positional scanning format PS-SCL based identification of CD8+ tumor reactive T cell ligands: a comparative analysis of PS-SCL recognition by a single tumor-reactive CD8+ CTL clone. Cancer Research, 62:2058-2063, 2002.
  69. Yu, Y., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. Solid phase synthesis of 1,5-disubstituted-2-aryliminoimidazolidines. J. Org. Chem. 67:3138-3141, 2002.
  70. Yu, Y., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. Solid-phase parallel synthesis of 2-aminoimidazolidin-4-ones. Tetrahedron 58:3349-3353, 2002.
  71. Yu, Y., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. Efficient solid-phase synthesis of 1,3,5-trisubstituted-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-trione derivatives. J. Comb. Chem. 4:484-490, 2002.
  72. Yu, Y., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. A traceless approach for the parallel solid-phase synthesis of 2-(arylamino)quinazolinones. J. Org. Chem. 67:5831-5834, 2002.
  73. Acharya, A.N., Nefzi, A., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. Tethered libraries: Solid-phase synthesis of substituted urea-linked bicyclic guanidines. J. Comb. Chem. 3:189-195, 2001.
  74. Acharya, A.N., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. A novel approach for the solid-phase synthesis of substituted imidazolines and bis-imidazolines. J. Org. Chem. 66:8673-8676, 2001.
  75. Acharya, A.N., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. A novel approach for the solid-phase synthesis of substituted cyclic guanidines, their respective bis analogs, and N-acylated guanidines from N-acylated amino acid amides. J. Comb. Chem. 3:578-589, 2001.
  76. Acharya, A.N., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. Solid-phase synthesis of bis-cyclic guanidines from tripeptides. Tetrahedron 57:9911-9914, 2001.
  77. Acharya, A.N., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. Solid-phase synthesis of substituted imidazoline-tethered 2,3-diketopiperazines, cyclic ureas, and cyclic thioureas. J. Comb. Chem. 3:612-623, 2001.
  78. Acharya, A.N., Ostresh, J.M., Nefzi, A., Houghten, R.A. Solid-phase synthesis of substituted dihydroimidazoles and their bis analogs. In: Peptides: The Wave of the Future: Proceedings of the 2nd International/17th American Peptide Symposiium (Lebl, M. and Houghten, R.A., Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 255-256, 2001.
  79. Bokonyi, G., Horvath, A., Orfi, L., Szabo, E.Z., Houghten, R.A., Ostresh, J.M., Idei, M., Hollosy, F., Szende, B., Teplan, I., Keri, G. Screening of peptidomimetic libraries for antitumor activity. In: Peptides 2000: Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth European Peptide Symposium (Martinez, J. and Fehrentz, J.-A., Eds.), EDK, Paris, pp. 791-792, 2001.
  80. Dooley, C.T., Mabini, A., Sylvester, T., Appel, J.R., Houghten, R.A. Identification of novel ligands for vasopressin V2 receptor from positional scanning libraries. In: Peptides: The Wave of the Future. Proceedings of the 2nd International/17th American Peptide Symposium. (Houghten, R.A., Lebl, M., Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 921-922, 2001.
  81. Eichler, J., Houghten, R.A. Combinatorial synthesis. In: Methods of Organic Chemistry, Synthesis of Peptides and Peptidomimetics. (Goodman, M., Editor-in-Chief), Vol. E22a, p.844-866. Thieme Stuttgart, New York, 2001.
  82. La Rosa, C., Krishnan, R., Markel, S., Schneck, J.P., Houghten, R.A., Pinilla, C., Diamond, D.J. Enhanced immune activity of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope analogs derived from positional scanning synthetic combinatorial libraries. Blood 97:1776-1786, 2001.
  83. Nefzi, A., Giulianotti, M.A., Houghten, R.A. Solid-phase synthesis of bis-heterocyclic compounds from resin-bound orthogonally protected lysine. J. Comb. Chem. 3:68-70, 2001.
  84. Nefzi, A., Giulianotti, M.A., Ong, N.A., Ostresh, J.M., Dooley, C.T., Blondelle, S.E., Houghten, R.A. Solid phase synthesis of acyclic and heterocyclic combinatorial libraries from resin-bound triamines. In: Innovation and Perspectives in Solid Phase Synthesis & Combinatorial Libraries 2000 (Epton, R., Ed.), Mayflower Worldwide, Birmingham, UK, pp. 119-122, 2001.
  85. Nefzi, A., Houghten, R.A. Polyamines as intermediates for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds and oligomeric heterocyclic compounds from resin-bound polyamides. In: Peptides: The Wave of the Future. Proceedings of the 2nd International/17th American Peptide Symposium. (Houghten, R.A., Lebl, M., Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 252-254, 2001.
  86. Nefzi, A., Ong, N.A, Houghten, R.A. Parallel synthesis of 4,5-dihydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2,3-diones. Tetrahedron Lett. 42:5141-5143, 2001.
  87. Nefzi, A., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. Solid phase synthesis of mixture-based acyclic and heterocyclic small molecule combinatorial libraries from resin-bound polyamides. Biopolymers (Peptide Science) 60:212-219, 2001.
  88. Orfi, L., Bokonyi, G., Horvath, A., Houghten, R.A., Ostresh, J.M., Teplan, I., Keri, G. New antiproliferative agents from a peptidomimetic library. In: Peptides: The Wave of the Future: Proceedings of the 2nd International/17th American Peptide Symposiium (Lebl, M. and Houghten, R.A., Eds.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 640-641, 2001.
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  283. Boehncke, W.-H., Takeshita, T., Pendleton, C.D., Houghten, R.A., Sadegh-Nasseri, S., Racioppi, L., Berzofsky, J.A., Germain, R.N. The importance of dominant negative effects of amino acid side chain substitution in peptide-MHC molecule interactions and T cell recognition. J. Immunol. 150:331-341, 1993.
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  285. Dooley, C.T., Chung, N.N., Schiller, P.W., Houghten, R.A. Acetalins: Opioid receptor antagonists determined through the use of synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10811-10815, 1993.
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  287. Dooley, C.T., Prochera, A.M., Houghten, R.A. A priori determination of peptide ligands for opiate receptors using synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries. In: Peptides 1992: Proceedings of the 22nd European Peptide Symposium (CH Schneider and AN Eberle, Eds.) ESCOM Science Publishers B.V. Leiden, pp. 649-650, 1993.
  288. Eichler, J., Houghten, R.A. Identification of substrate-analog trypsin inhibitors through the screening of synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries. Biochemistry 32:11035-11041, 1993.
  289. Eichler, J., Houghten, R.A. Preparation of synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries on cotton carriers and their application to the identification of trypsin inhibitors. In: Peptides 1992: Proceedings of the 22nd European Peptide Symposium (C.H. Schneider & A.N. Eberle, Eds.) ESCOM, Leiden, pp. 320-321, 1993.
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  291. Houghten, R.A. Peptide libraries: criteria and trends. Trends in Genetics 9:235-239, 1993.
  292. Houghten, R.A., Dinh, K.T., Burcin, D.E., Blondelle, S.E. The systematic development of peptides having potent antimicrobial activity against E. coli through the use of synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries. In: Techniques in Protein Chemistry IV (RH Angeletti, Ed.) Academic Press, Orlando, Fl, pp. 249-256, 1993.
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  294. Houghten, R.A., Dooley, C.T. Novel N-acetylated opioid peptides determined through the use of synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries. In: Peptide Chemistry 1992: Proceedings of the 2nd Japan Symposium on Peptide Chemistry (N Yanaihara, Ed.) ESCOM Science Publishers B.V. Leiden, pp. 11-13, 1993.
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  300. Roos, G., Landberg, G., Huff, J.P., Houghten, R., Takasaki, Y., Tan, E.M. Analysis of the epitopes of proliferating cell nuclear antigen recognized by monoclonal antibodies. Lab. Investig. 68:204-210, 1993.
  301. Appel, J.R., Pinilla, C., Houghten, R.A. Identification of related peptides recognized by a monoclonal antibody using a synthetic peptide combinatorial library. Immunomethods 1:17-23, 1992.
  302. Barnes, P.F., Mehra, V., Rivoire, B., Fong, S.-J., Brennan, P.J., Voegtline, M.S., Minden, P., Houghten, R.A., Bloom, B.R., Modlin, R.L. Immunoreactivity of a 10-kDa antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Immunol. 148:1835-1840, 1992.
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  305. Blondelle, S.E., Houghten, R.A. Design of model peptides having potent antimicrobial activities. Biochemistry 31:12688-12694, 1992.
  306. Blondelle, S.E., Houghten, R.A. Progress in antimicrobial peptides. Annu. Rep. Med. Chem. 27:159-168, 1992.
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  311. Hosmalin, A., Kumar, S., Barnd, D., Houghten, R., Smith, G.E., Hughes, S.H., Berzofsky, J.A. Immunization with soluble protein-pulsed spleen cells induces class I- restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes that recognize immunodominant epitopic peptides from Plasmodium falciparum and HIV-1. J. Immunol. 149:1311-1318, 1992.
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  318. Pinilla, C., Appel, J.R., McPherson, S.E., Houghten, R.A. Comparison of structural and functional approaches for the study of peptide-mAb interactions. In: Peptides. Proceedings of the Twelfth American Peptide Symposium (Smith, J. A. and Rivier, J. E., Eds.), ESCOM Science Publishers B.V., Leiden, pp. 867-868, 1992.
  319. Pride, M.W., Thanavala, Y.M., Strick, N., Houghten, R.A., Neurath, A.R. Toleration of amino acid substitutions within hepatitis B virus envelope protein epitopes established by peptide replacement set analysis. II. region S(122-136). Peptide Res. 5(4):217-226, 1992.
  320. Pruksakorn, S., Galbraith, A., Houghten, R.A., Good, M.F. Conserved T and B cell epitopes on the M protein of Group A streptococci - induction of bactericidal antibodies. J. Immunol. 149:2729-2735, 1992.
  321. Sedegah, M., Chiang, C.H., Weiss, W.R., Mellouk, S., Cochran, M.D., Houghten, R.A., Beaudoin, R.L., Smith, D., Hoffman, S.L. Recombinant pseudorabies virus carrying a plasmodium gene: herpesvirus as a new live viral vector for inducing T- and B-cell immunity. Vaccine 10:578-84, 1992.
  322. Shirai, M., Akasuka, T., Pendleton, C.D., Houghten, R., Wychowski, C., Mihalik, K., Feinstone, S., Berzofsky, J.A. Induction of cytotoxic T cells to a cross-reactive epitope in the hepatitis C virus nonstructural RNA polymerase like protein. J. Virol. 66:4098-4106, 1992.
  323. Takahashi, H., Nakagawa, Y., Pendleton, C.D., Houghten, R.A., Yokomuro, K., Germain, R.N., Berzofsky, J.A. Analysis of CTL crossreactivity to an HIV-1 immunodominant determinant: elicitation of widely crossreactive CTL. In: Vaccines 92 (F. Brown, R.M. Chanock, H.S. Ginsberg, and R.A. Lerner, Eds.) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, pp.69-74, 1992.
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  325. Tsang, P., Rance, M., Fieser, T.M., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A., Lerner, R.A., Wright, P.E. Conformation and dynamics of an Fab'-bound peptide by isotope-edited NMR spectrocopy. Biochemistry 31:3862-3871, 1992.
  326. Weiss, W., Berzofsky, J.A., Houghten, R.A., Sedegah, M., Hollindale, M., Hoffman, S.L. A T cell clone directed at the circumsporozoite protein which protects mice against both Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium berghei. J. Immunol. 149:2103-2109, 1992.
  327. Zevering, Y., Amante, F., Smillie, A., Currier, J., Smith, G., Houghten, R.A., Good, M.F. High frequency of malaria-specific T cells in non-exposed humans. Eur. J. Immunol. 22:689-696, 1992.
  328. Berliner, S.A., Houghten, R.A., Roberts, J.R., Ruggeri, Z.M. Multiple Epitope specificity of monoclonal antibodies to a single synthetic peptide: Use in the characterization of the GP IIb-IIIa binding domain of Von Willebrand factor. In: Fibrinogen, Thrombosis, Coagulation, and Fibrinolysis (C.Y. Liu and S. Chien, Eds.). Plenum Press, New York, pp. 133-144, 1991.
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  330. Blondelle, S.E., Houghten, R.A. Hemolytic and antimicrobial activities of the twenty-four individual omission analogues of melittin. Biochemistry 30:4671-4678, 1991.
  331. Blondelle, S.E., Houghten, R.A. Probing the relationships between the structure and hemolytic activity of melittin with a complete set of leucine substitution analogs. Pept. Res. 4:12-18, 1991.
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  333. De Groot, A.S., Clerici, M., Hosmalin, A., Hughes, S.H., Barnd, D., Hendrix, C.W., Houghten, R.,Shearer, G.M., Berzofsky, J.A. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase T helper epitopes identified in mice and humans: correlation with a cytotoxic T cell (CTL) epitope. J. Infec. Dis. 164:1058-65, 1991.
  334. Doolan, D.L., Houghten, R.A., Good, M.F. Assessment of human cytotoxic T cell activity using synthetic peptides: Potential for field application. Peptide Res. 4(3):125-131, 1991.
  335. Doolan, D.L., Houghten, R.A., Good, M.F. Location of human cytotoxic T cell epitopes within a polymorphic domain of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein. Int. Immunol. 3:511-516,1991.
  336. Houghten, R.A., Ostresh, J.M., Pratt, S.M. Modified solid-phase methods for the rapid syntheis of opioid peptides. In: Emerging Technologies and New Directions in Drug Abuse Research, Research Monograph 112 (Rapaka, R., Makriyannis, A., and Kuhar, M.J., Eds.), National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD, pp. 239-255, 1991.
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  338. Jezek, J., Houghten, R.A. A comparative study of BOP as a coupling agent using simultaneous multiple peptide synthesis (SMPS). In: Peptides 1990: Proceedings of the 21st European Peptide Symposium (E. Giralt and D. Andreu, Eds.). ESCOM Science Publishers B.V., pp. 74-75, 1991.
  339. Malik, A., Egan, J.E., Houghten, R.A., Sadoff, J.C., Hoffman, S.L. Human cytotoxic T lymphocytes against the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88:3300-3304, 1991.
  340. Markoff, L.J., Innis, B.L., Houghten, R., Henchal, L.S. Development of cross-reactive antibodies to plasminogen during the immune response to dengue virus infection. J. Infect. Dis. 164:294-301, 1991.
  341. Mesters, R.M., Houghten, R.A., Griffin, J.H. Identification of a sequence of human activated protein C (residues 390-404) essential for its anticoagulant activity. J. Biol. Chem. 266:24514-24519, 1991.
  342. Milich, D.R., McLachlan, A., Raney, A.K., Houghten, R.A., Thornton, G.B., Maruyama, T., Hughes, J.L., Jones, J.E. Autoantibody production in hepatitis B e antigen transgenic mice elicited with a self T-cell peptide and inhibited with nonself peptides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88:4348-4352, 1991.
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  344. Pinilla, C., Appel, J.R., Houghten, R.A. Peptide-monoclonal antibody interactions defined at the amino acid level: Advantages of competitive ELISA techniques. In: Peptides 1990: Proceedings of the 21st European Peptide Symposium (Giralt, E. and Andreu, D., Eds.), ESCOM Science Publishers B.V., Leiden, pp. 860-861, 1991.
  345. Revak, S.D., Merritt, T.A., Hallman, M., Heldt, G., La Polla, R.J., Hoey, K., Houghten, R.A., Cochrane, C.G. The use of synthetic peptides in the formation of biophysically and biologically active pulmonary surfactants. Pediatric Res. 29(5):460-465, 1991.
  346. Appel, J.R., Pinilla, C., Niman, H., Houghten, R.A. Elucidation of discontinuous linear determinants in peptides. J. Immunol. 144:976-983, 1990.
  347. Arad, O., Houghten, R.A. An evaluation of the advantages and effectiveness of picric acid monitoring during solid phase peptide synthesis. Peptide Res. 3:42-50, 1990.
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  349. Büttner, K., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A. Induced conformational effects during RPHPLC: Prediction of immunodominant TH-cell antigenic sites. In: Proceedings of the 11th American Peptide Symposium (Rivier, J.E. and Marshall, G.R., Eds.), Escom Science Publishers B.V., The Netherlands, pp. 423-425, 1990.
  350. Cuervo, J.H., Rodriguez, B., Houghten, R.A. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of magainin alanine substitution analogs. In: Peptides, Proceedings of the 11th American Peptide Symposium (J.E. Rivier and G. Marshall, Eds.). Escom Science Publishers B.V., The Netherlands, pp. 124-126, 1990.
  351. Foster, P.A., Fulcher, C.A., Houghten, R.A., Mahoney, S., Zimmerman, T.S. A murine monoclonal anti-Factor VIII inhibitory antibody and two human factor VIII inhibitors bind to different areas within a twenty amino acid segment of the acidic region of factor VIII heavy chain. Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis. 1:9-15, 1990.
  352. Foster, P.A., Fulcher, C.A., Houghten, R.A., Zimmerman, T.S. A synthetic factor VIII peptide of eight amino acid residues (1677-1684) contains the binding region of an anti-factor VIII antibody which inhibits the binding factor VIII to von Willebrand factor. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 63(3):403-406, 1990.
  353. Foster, P.A., Fulcher, C.A., Houghten, R.A., Zimmerman, T.S. Synthetic factor VIII peptides with amino acid sequences contained within the C2 domain of factor VIII inhibit factor VIII binding to phosphatidylserine. Blood. 75(10):1999-2004, 1990.
  354. Good, M.F., Branigan, J., Smith, C., Houghten, R.A. Peptide immunization can elicit malaria protein-specific memory helper but not proliferative T cells. Peptide Res. 3:110-115, 1990.
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  356. Huff, J.P., Roos, G., Peebles, C.L., Houghten, R., Sullivan, K.F., Tan, E.M. Insights into native epitopes of proliferating cell nuclear antigen using recombinant DNA protein products. J. Exp. Med. 172:419-429, 1990.
  357. Kim, J.E., Kojima, M., Houghten, R., Pendleton, C.D., Cornette, J.L., DeLisi, C., Berzofsky, J.A. Characterization of a helper T cell epitope recognized by mice of a low responder major histocompatibility type. Mol. Immunol. 27:941-946, 1990.
  358. Sikorska, M., Brewer, L.M., Youdale, T., Richards, R., Whitfield, J.F., Houghten, R.A., Walker, P.R. Evidence that mammalian ribonucleotide reductase is a nuclear membrane associated glycoprotein. Biochem. Cell Biol. 68:880-888, 1990.
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  360. Vicente, V., Houghten, R.A., Ruggeri, Z.M. Identification of a site in the alpha chain of platelet glycoprotein Ib that participates in von Willebrand factor binding. J. Biol. Chem. 265,1:274-280, 1990.
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  364. Cadroy, Y., Houghten, R.A., Hanson, S.R. RGDV peptide selectively inhibits platelet-dependent thrombus formation in vivo. Studies using a baboon model. J. Clin. Invest. 84:939-944, 1989.
  365. Hale, P.M., Cease, K.B., Houghten, R.A., Ouyang, C., Putney, S., Javaherian, K., Margalit, H., Cornette, J.L., Spouge, J.L., DeLisi, C., Berzofsky, J.A. T cell multideterminant regions in the human immunodeficiency virus envelope: toward overcoming the problem of major histocompatibility complex restriction. Int. Immunol. 1:409-415, 1989.
  366. Hobbs, M.V., Houghten, R.A., Janda, J.A., Weigle, W.O., Morgan, E.L. Induction of human B cell differentiation by Fc region activators. I. Identification of an active tetrapeptide. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 50:251-263, 1989.
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  369. Hubenthal-Voss, J., Houghten, R.A., Roizman, B. Analysis of the functional and antigenic domains of the herpes simplex virus major regulatory protein a4. In: Synthetic Peptides: Approaches to Biological Problems. Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 239-254, 1989.
  370. Kinoshita, C.M., Ying, S.C., Hugli, T.E., Siegel, J.N., Potempa, L.A., Jiang, H., Houghten, R.A., Gewurz, H. Elucidation of a protease-sensitive site involved in the binding of calcium to C-reactive protein. Biochemistry 28:9840-9848, 1989.
  371. Mathiesen, T., Chiodi, F., Broliden, P.A., Albert, J., Houghten, R.A., Utter, G., Wahren, B., Norrby, E. Analysis of a subclass-restricted HIV-1 gp41 epitope by omission peptides. Immunol. 67:1-7, 1989.
  372. Milich, D.R., Hughes, J.L., Houghten, R., McLachlan, A., Jones, J.E. Functional identification of agretopic and epitopic residues within an HBcAg T cell determinant. J. Immunol. 143:3141-3147, 1989.
  373. Milich, D.R., Jones, J.E., McLachlan, A., Houghten, R., Thornton, G.B., Hughes, J.L. Distinction between immunogenicity and tolerogenicity among HBcAg T cell determinants. Influence of peptide-MHC interaction. J. Immunol. 143:3148-3156, 1989.
  374. Nemerow, G.R., Houghten, R.A., Moore, M.D., Cooper, N.R. Identification of an epitope in the major envelope protein of Epstein-Barr virus that mediates viral binding to the B lymphocyte EBV receptor (CR2). Cell 56:369-377, 1989.
  375. Norrby, E., Biberfeld, G., Johnson, P.R., Parks, D.E., Houghten, R.A., Lerner, R.A. The chemistry of site-directed serology for HIV infections. AIDS Res. Hum. Retrov. 5:473-479, 1989.
  376. Norrby, E., Parks, D.E., Utter, G., Houghten, R.A., Lerner, R.A. Immunochemistry of the dominating antigenic region of Ala582 to Cys604 in the transmembranous protein of simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus. J. Immunol. 143:3602-3608, 1989.
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  390. Foster, P.A., Fulcher, C.A., Houghten, R.A., Mahoney, S., Zimmerman, T.S. Localization of the binding regions of a murine monoclonal anti-Factor VIII antibody and a human anti-Factor VIII alloantibody, both of which inhibit Factor VIII procoagulant activity, to amino acid residues Threonine351-Serine365 of J. Clin. Invest. 82:123-128, 1988.
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  400. Hubenthal-Voss, J., Houghten, R.A., Pereira, L., Roizman, B. Mapping of functional and antigenic domains of the a4 protein of herpes simplex virus 1. J. Virol. 62:454-462, 1988.
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  451. Standaert, D.G., Watson, S.J., Houghten, R.A., Saper, C.B. Opioid peptide immunoreactivity in spinal and trigeminal dorsal horn neurons projecting to the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. J. Neurosci. 6:1220-1226, 1986.
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  458. Dandekar, T., Gramsch, C., Houghten, R.A., Schultz, R. Affinity purification of ß-endorphin-like material from NG108CC15 hybrid cells by means of the monoclonal ß-endorphin antibody 3-E7. Neurochem. Int. 7:247-253, 1985.
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  473. Bittle, J.L., Worrel, P., Houghten, R.A., Lerner, R.A., Rowlands, D.J., Brown, F. Immunization against foot and mouth disease with a chemically synthesized peptide. In: Modern Approaches to Vaccines (R.M. Chanock and R.A. Lerner, Eds.). Cold Spring Harbor, New York, pp. 103-107, 1984.
  474. Chen, P.P., Fong, S., Normansell, D., Houghten, R.A., Karras, J.G., Vaughan, J.H., Carson, D.A. Delineation of a cross-reactive idiotype on human autoantibodies with antibody against a synthetic peptide. J. Exp. Med. 159:1502-1511, 1984.
  475. Chen, P.P., Houghten, R.A., Fong, S., Rhodes, G.H., Gilbertson, T.A., Vaughan, J.H., Lerner, R.A., Carson, D.A. Anti-hypervariable region antibody induced by a defined peptide: An approach for studying the structural correlates of idiotypes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 81:1784-1788, 1984.
  476. Chersi, A., Houghten, R.A. Rabbit antipeptide antibodies against restricted domains of the histocompatibility complex. Z. Naturforsch. 39:646-651, 1984.
  477. Chersi, A., Schulz, G., Houghten, R.A. Immunologic and functional characterization of anti-HLA-DR rabbit antibodies induced by synthetic peptides. Mol. Immunol. 21:847-852, 1984.
  478. Houghten, R.A., Johnson, N., Pasternak, G.W. [3H]-ß-endorphin binding in rat brain. J. Neurosci. 4:2460-2465, 1984.
  479. Houghten, R.A., Ostresh, J.M., Klipstein, F.A. Chemical synthesis of an octadecapeptide with the biological and immunological properties of human heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin. Eur. J. Biochem. 145:157-162, 1984.
  480. Klipstein, F.A., Engert, R.F., Clements, J.D., Houghten, R.A. Differences in cross-protection in rats immunized with the B subunits of cholera toxin and Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin. Infect. Immun. 43:811-816, 1984.
  481. Klipstein, F.A., Engert, R.F., Clements, J.D., Houghten, R.A. Use of cross-linked toxoid vaccines for immunologic protection against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. In: Proceedings, Fourth International Symposium on Neonatal Diarrhea. VIDO, Saskatchewan, Canada, pp. 484-497, 1984.
  482. Klipstein, F.A., Engert, R.F., Houghten, R.A. Properties of cross-linked toxoid vaccines made with hyperantigenic forms of synthetic Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin. Infect. Immun. 44:268-273, 1984.
  483. Klipstein, F.A., Engert, R.F., Houghten, R.A., Rowe, B. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Escherichia coli heat stable enterotoxin. J. Clin. Microbio. 19:798-803, 1984.
  484. Lewis, M.E., Young, E.A., Houghten, R.A., Akil, H., Watson, S.J. Binding of [3H]dynorphin A to apparent κ opioid receptors in deep layers of guinea pig cerebral cortex. Eur. J. Pharm. 98:149-150, 1984.
  485. Macfarlan, R.I., Dietzschold, B., Koprowski, H., Kiel, M., Houghten, R., Lerner, R.A., Sutcliffe, J.G. Localization of the immunodominant domains of rabies virus glycoprotein. In: Modern Approaches to Vaccines (R.M. Chanock and R.A. Lerner, Eds.). Cold Spring Harbor, New York, pp. 139-143, 1984.
  486. Macfarlan, R.I., Dietzschold, B., Wiktor, T.J., Kiel, M., Houghten, R., Lerner, R.A., Sutcliffe, J.G., Koprowski, H. T cell responses to cleaved rabies virus glycoprotein and to synthetic peptides. J. Immunol. 133:2748-2752, 1984.
  487. Niman, H.L., Houghten, R.A., Bowen-Pope, D.F. Detection of high molecular weight forms of platelet-derived growth factor by sequence-specific antisera. Science 226:701-703, 1984.
  488. Rhodes, G., Houghten, R., Taulane, J.P., Carson, D., Vaughan, J. The immune response to Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen: Conformational and structural features of antibody binding to synthetic peptides. Mol. Immunol. 21:1047-1054, 1984.
  489. Rhodes, G., Houghten, R.A., Carson, D.A., Valbracht, J., Vaughan, J.H. Mapping the antigenic regions of Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen using synthetic peptides. In: Herpesvirus (F. Rapp, Ed.). Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, pp. 487-496, 1984.
  490. Rowlands, D.J., Clarke, B.E., Carroll, A.R., Brown, F., Nicholson, B.H., Bittle, J.L., Houghten, R.A., Lerner, R.A. Chemical basis for variation in the major antigenic site eliciting neutralizing antibodies in foot-and-mouth disease virus. In: Modern Approaches to Vaccines (R.M. Chanock and R.A. Lerner, Eds.). Cold Spring Harbor, New York, pp. 93-101, 1984.
  491. Tainer, J.A., Getzoff, E.D., Alexander, H., Houghten, R.A., Olson, A.J., Lerner, R.A., Hendrickson, W.A. The reactivity of anti-peptide antibodies is a function of the atomic mobility of sites in a protein. Nature 312:127-134, 1984.
  492. Wilson, I.A., Niman, H.L., Houghten, R.A., Cherenson, A.R., Connolly, M.L., Lerner, R.A. The structure of an antigenic determinant in a protein. Cell 37:767-773, 1984.
  493. Church, W.R., Walker, L.E., Houghten, R.A., Reisfeld, R.A. Anti-HLA antibodies of predetermined specificity: A chemically synthesized peptide induces antibodies specific for HLA-A,B heavy chain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 80:255-258, 1983.
  494. Clarke, B.E., Carroll, A.R., Rowlands, D.J., Nicholson, B.H., Houghten, R.A., Lerner, R.A., Brown, F. Synthetic peptides mimic subtype specificity of foot-and-mouth disease virus. FEBS Letters 157:261-264, 1983.
  495. Goodman, R.R., Houghten, R.A., Pasternak, G.W. Autoradiography of [3H]ß-endorphin binding in brain. Brain Research 288:334-337, 1983.
  496. Houghten, R.A., Bartlett, S.M., Ostresh, J.M. α-Neo-endorphin: Receptor binding properties of the tritiated ligand. Life Sci. 33:1811-1820, 1983.
  497. Houghten, R.A., Li, C.H. Reduction of sulfoxides in peptides and proteins. In: Methods in Enzymology. Academic Press, 91:549-559, 1983.
  498. Klipstein, F.A., Engert, R.F., Clements, J.D., Houghten, R.A. Protection against human and porcine enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli in rats immunized with a cross-linked toxoid vaccine. Infect. Immun. 40:924-929, 1983.
  499. Klipstein, F.A., Engert, R.F., Clements, J.D., Houghten, R.A. Vaccine for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli based on synthetic heat-stable toxin cross-linked to the B subunit of heat-labile toxin. J. Infect. Dis. 147:318-326, 1983.
  500. Klipstein, F.A., Engert, R.F., Houghten, R.A. Immunological properties of purified Klebsiella pneumoniae heat-stable enterotoxin. Infect. Immun. 42:838-841, 1983.
  501. Klipstein, F.A., Engert, R.F., Houghten, R.A. Properties of synthetically produced Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin. Infect. Immun. 39:117-121, 1983.
  502. Klipstein, F.A., Engert, R.F., Houghten, R.A. Protection in rabbits immunized with a vaccine of Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin cross-linked to the heat-labile toxin B subunit. Infect. Immun. 40:888-893, 1983.
  503. McMillan, S., Seiden, M.V., Houghten, R.A., Clevinger, B., Davie, J.M., Lerner, R.A. Synthetic idiotypes: The third hypervariable region of murine anti-dextran antibodies. Cell 35:859-863, 1983.
  504. Niman, H.L., Houghten, R.A., Walker, L.E., Reisfeld, R.A., Wilson, I.A., Hogle, J.M., Lerner, R.A. Generation of protein-reactive antibodies by short peptides is an event of high frequency: Implications for the structural basis of immune recognition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 80:4949-4953, 1983.
  505. Pasternak, G.W., Gintzler, A.R., Houghten, R.A., Ling, G.S.F., Goodman, R.R., Spiegel, K., Nishimura, S., Johnson, N., Recht, L.D. Biochemical and pharmacological evidence for opioid receptor multiplicity in the central nervous system. Life Sci. 33 (Sup. I):167-173, 1983.
  506. Rowlands, D.J., Clarke, B.E., Carroll, A.R., Brown, F., Nicholson, B.H., Bittle, J.L., Houghten, R.A., Lerner, R.A. Chemical basis of antigenic variation in foot-and-mouth disease virus. Nature 306:694-699, 1983.
  507. Sarma, J.M.K., Houghten, R.A. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for ß-endorphin and its antibodies. Life Sci. 33 (Sup. I):129-132, 1983.
  508. Sen, S., Houghten, R.A., Sherr, C.J., Sen, A. Antibodies of predetermined specificity detect two retroviral oncogene products and inhibit their kinase activities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 80:1246-1250, 1983.
  509. Young, E., Walker, J.M., Houghten, R., Akil, H. [3H] dynorphin binding to guinea pig and rat brain. Life Sci. 33:287-290, 1983.
  510. Young, E.A., Walker, M., Houghten, R.A., Akil, H. [3H]dynorphin A binds selectively to guinea pig brain. Eur. J. Pharm. 91:327-329, 1983.
  511. Bittle, J.L., Houghten, R.A., Alexander, H., Shinnick, T.M., Sutcliffe, J.G., Lerner, R.A., Rowlands, D.J., Brown, F. Protection against foot-and-mouth disease by immunization with a chemically synthesized peptide predicted from the viral nucleotide sequence. Nature 298:30-33, 1982.
  512. Houghten, R.A. Tritiated porcine dynorphin (1-17): Synthesis and characterization. Life Sci. 31:1805-1808, 1982.
  513. Johnson, N., Houghten, R., Pasternak, G.W. Binding of 3H-ß-endorphin in rat brain. Life Sci. 31:1381-1384, 1982.
  514. Liotta, A.S., Houghten, R., Krieger, D.T. Identification of a ß-endorphin-like peptide in cultured human placental cells. Nature 295:593-595, 1982.
  515. Buckley, D.I., Houghten, R.A., Ramachandran, J. Isolation of a-melanotropin and N, O-diacetylserine1-a-melanotropin from porcine pituitary extracts. Int. J. Pep. Prot. Res. 17:508-513, 1981.
  516. Houghten, R.A., Chang, W.C., Li, C.H. Human ß-endorphin: Synthesis and characterization of analogs iodinated and tritiated at tyrosine residues 1 and 27. Int. J. Pep. Prot. Res. 16:311-320, 1980.
  517. Houghten, R.A., Swann, R.W., Li, C.H. ß-endorphin: Stability, clearance behavior, and entry into the central nervous system after intravenous injection of the tritiated peptide in rats and rabbits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 77:4588-4591, 1980.
  518. Liotta, A.S., Houghten, R.A., Krieger, D.T. Charge heterogeneity of human pituitary and plasma immunoreactive ß-endorphin. Clin. Res. 28:480- , 1980.
  519. Ferrara, P., Houghten, R., Li, C.H. β-endorphin: Characteristics of the binding sites in the rat brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 89:786-792, 1979.
  520. Houghten, R., Chrambach, A. Studies on the reaction between human growth hormone and oleic acid using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 197:163-169, 1979.
  521. Houghten, R.A., Li, C.H. Reduction of sulfoxides in peptides and proteins. Anal. Biochem. 98:36-46, 1979.
  522. Houghten, R.A., Simpson, R.A., Hanson, R.N., Rapoport, H. Bicylic guanidino ketones. J. Org. Chem. 44:4536-4543, 1979.
  523. Houghten, R.A., Swann, R., Li, C.H. Tritiated ßh-endorphin: Preparation and clearance rates of radioactivity in rats and rabbits. Fed. Proc. 38:15897-15898, 1979.
  524. Houghten, R.A., Yamashiro, D., Li, C.H. ß-endorphin and analogs: 360 MHZ proton NMR spectroscopy. In: Peptides, Structure and Biological Function: Proceedings of the Sixth American Peptide Symposium (E. Gross and J. Meinhofer, Eds.). Pierce Chem. Co., pp. 869-872, 1979.
  525. Law, P.Y., Houghten, R.A., Loh, H.H., Li, C.H. Characterization of a high affinity 3H-ßh-endorphin receptor in rat brain crude synaptosomal fraction. In: International Narcotics Conference, Raven Press, pp. 165-168, 1979.
  526. Houghten, R.A., Li, C.H. Preparation and properties of tritiated human ß-endorphin with high specific radioactivity. Int. J. Pep. Prot. Res. 12:325-326, 1978.
  527. Houghten, R.A., Li, C.H. Reaction of ovine prolactin with 2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3'-bromoindolemine. Int. J. Pep. Prot. Res. 11:345-352, 1978.
  528. Houghten, R.A., Li, C.H. Selective cleavage at the single tryptophan residue in bovine somatotropin by 2-(2-nitrophenylsulfenyl)-3-methyl-3'-bromoindolemine. Int. J. Pep. Prot. Res. 11:49-58, 1978.
  529. Lagarias, J.C., Houghten, R.A., Rapoport, H. Cyclopeptide alkaloids. Synthesis of the ring system and its ion affinity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100:8202-8209, 1978.
  530. Li., C.H., Houghten, R. Isolation and properties of two fragments from plasmin digests of human choriomammotropin. Int. J. Pep. Prot. Res. 12:114-120, 1978.
  531. Houghten, R., Chrambach, A. Preparative isotachophoresis on polyacrylamide gels: Resolution as a function of time and wattage. Anal. Biochem. 77:303-309, 1977.
  532. Houghten, R.A., Glaser, C.B., Li, C.H. Human somatotropin. Reaction with hydrogen peroxide. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 178:350-355, 1977.
  533. Houghten, R.A., Li, C.H. Reaction of human choriomammotropin with hydrogen peroxide. Eur. J. Biochem. 77:119-123, 1977.
  534. Houghten, R.A., Li, C.H. Reduction of methionine sulfoxide to methionine in peptides and proteins. In: Peptides: Proceedings of the Fifth American Peptide Symposium (Goodman and Meienhofer, Eds.). John Wiley and Sons, pp. 458-460, 1977.
  535. Houghten, R.A., Li, C.H. Studies on pituitary prolactin 39. Reaction of the ovine hormone with hydrogen peroxide. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 439:240-249, 1976.
  536. Kauffman, G.B., Gump, B.H., Stedjee, B.J., Houghten, R.A. Separation of inorganic isomers by thin-layer chromatography VI. Isomers of the non-metals boron, phosphorus, and silica. J. Chromat. 123:448-453, 1976.
  537. Houghten, R.A., Rapoport, H. Synthesis of pure p-chlorophenyl-L-alanine from L-phenylalanine. J. Med. Chem. 17:556-558, 1974.
  538. Kauffman, G.B., Houghten, R.A. Synthesis and titration of unknown acids. J. Chem. Ed. 44:408-409, 1967.

Patents

  1. 1,3,5-Trisubstituted-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-,6-trione compounds and libraries. U.S. Patent No. 6,861,523. Issued March 1, 2005.  Inventors:  Yu, Y., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A.
  2. Diketoazacyclic compounds, diazacyclic compounds, and combinatorial libraries thereof. U.S. Patent No. 6,809,202. Issued October 26, 2004.  Inventors:  Nefzi, A., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A.
  3. Synthesis of [3,5,7]-1H-imidazo[1,5-a]imidazol-2(3H)-one compounds. U.S. Patent No. 6,664,282. Issued December 16, 2003.   Inventors:  El Abdellaoui, H.M., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A.
  4. Synthesis of [3,5,7]-1H-imidazo[1,5-a]imidazol-2(3H)-one compounds. U.S. Patent No. 6,545,032. Issued April 8, 2003.  Inventors:  El Abdellaoui, H.M., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A.
  5. Volatilizable solid supports for compound synthesis. U.S. Patent No. 6,476,191. Issued November 5, 2002.  Inventors:  Pascal, J.H., Moran, M.J., Houghten, R.A.
  6. Diketoazacyclic compounds, diazacyclic compounds, and combinatorial libraries thereof. U.S. Patent No. 6,441,172. Issued August 27, 2002.  Inventors:  Nefzi, A., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A.
  7. Dialkyl ureas as calcitonin mimetics. U.S. Patent No. 6,391,917. Issued May 21, 2002.  Inventors:  Petrie, C.R., McKernan, P.A., Moore, E.E., Ostresh, J.M., Meyer, J.-P., Houghten, R.A., Pinilla, C.
  8. Combinatorial libraries of bicyclic guanidine derivatives and compounds therein. U.S. Patent No. 6,359,144. Issued March 19, 2002.  Inventors:  Ostresh, J.M., Meyer, J.-P., Dooley, C.T., Blondelle, S.E., Schoner, C.C., Houghten, R.A.
  9. Melanocortin receptor ligands and methods of using same. U.S. Patent No. 6,350,430. Issued February 26, 2002.  Inventors:  Dooley, C.T., Girten, B.E., Houghten, R.A.
  10. Dimeric oligopeptide mixture sets. U.S. Patent No. 6,287,787. Issued September 11, 2001.  Inventors:  Houghten, R.A., Pinilla, C.
  11. Dialkyl ureas as calcitonin mimetics. U.S. Patent No. 6,255,351. Issued July 3, 2001.  Inventors:  Petrie, C.R., McKernan, P.A., Moore, E.E., Ostresh, J.M., Meyer, J.-P., Houghten, R.A., Pinilla, C.
  12. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channel blockers and method for identifying such. U.S. Patent No. 6,251,854. Issued June 26, 2001.  Inventors:  Montal, M., Ferrer-Montiel, A., Merino, J., Blondelle, S.E., Houghten, R.A.
  13. Cytokine restraining agents. U.S. Patent No. 6,245,738. Issued June 12, 2001.  Inventors:  Suto, M.J., Girten, B.E., Houghten, R.A., Loullis, C.C., Tuttle, R.R.
  14. Dialkyl ureas as calcitonin mimetics. U.S. Patent No. 6,221,913. Issued April 24, 2001.  Inventors:  Petrie, C.R., McKernan, P.A., Moore, E.E., Ostresh, J.M., Meyer, J.-P., Houghten, R.A., Pinilla, C.
  15. Linear substituted oligoalkyleneimine libraries. U.S. Patent No. 6,197,529. Issued March 6, 2001.  Inventors:  Houghten, R.A., Cuervo, J.H., Weitl, F.F.
  16. Selectively N-alkylated peptidomimetic combinatorial libraries and compounds therein. U.S. Patent No. 6,143,932. Issued November 7, 2000.  Inventors:  Dörner, B., Ostresh, J.M., Dooley, C.T., Houghten, R.A., Eichler, J.
  17. Selectively N-alkylated peptidomimetic combinatorial libraries and compounds therein. U.S. Patent No. 6,121,489. Issued September 19, 2000.  Inventors:  Dörner, B., Ostresh, J.M., Dooley, C.T., Houghten, R.A., Eichler, J.
  18. Peptide useful as somatostatin antagonists. U.S. Patent No. 5,925,618. Issued July 20, 1999.  Inventors:  Baumbach, W.R., Houghten, R.A.
  19. Mu opioid receptor ligands: Agonists and antagonists. U.S. Patent No. 5,919,897. Issued July 6, 1999.  Inventors:  Dooley, C.T., Houghten, R.A.
  20. Substitution analogues of magainin peptides U.S. Patent No. 5,912,231. Issued June 15, 1999.  Inventors:  Houghten, R.A., Cuervo, J.H.
  21. Combinatorial libraries of hydantoin and thiohydantoin derivatives, methods of making the libraries and compounds therein. U.S. Patent No. 5,859,190. Issued January 12, 1999.  Inventors:  Meyer, J.-P., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A.
  22. Combinatorial libraries of imidazol-pyrido-indole and imidazol-pyrido-benzothiophene derivatives, methods of making the libraries and compounds therein. U.S. Patent No. 5,856,107. Issued January 5, 1999.  Inventors:  Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A.
  23. Peralkylated oligopeptide mixtures. U.S. Patent No. 5,846,731. Issued December 8, 1998.  Inventors:  Houghten, R.A., Ostresh, J.M.
  24. Mycobacterial recombinants and peptides. U.S. Patent No. 5,840,855. Issued November 24, 1998.  Inventors:  Shinnick, T., Houghten, R.
  25. Peptide inhibitors of calmodulin. U.S. Patent No. 5,840,697. Issued November 24, 1998.  Inventors:  Blondelle, S.E., Houghten, R.A., Pérez-Payá, E.
  26. Melittin-related polypeptides, mixture sets and libraries thereof. U.S. Patent No. 5,814,470. Issued September 29, 1998.  Inventors:  Blondelle, S.E., Houghten, R.A., Pérez-Payá, E.
  27. Combinatorial libraries of cyclic urea and cyclic thiourea derivatives and compounds therein. U.S. Patent No. 5,786,448. Issued July 28, 1998.  Inventors:  Nefzi, A., Ostresh, J.M., Houghten, R.A.
  28. Cytokine restraining agents and methods of use in pathologies and conditions associated with altered cytokine levels. U.S. Patent No. 5,786,332. Issued July 28, 1998.  Inventors:  Birten, B.E., Houghten, R.A., Loullis, C.C., Suto, M.J., Tuttle, R.R.
  29. Synthesis of quinazolinone libraries and derivatives thereof. U.S. Patent No. 5,783,577. Issued July 21, 1998.  Inventors:  Houghten, R.A., Ostresh, J.M.
  30. Peralkylated oligopeptide mixtures. U.S. Patent No. 5,763,193. Issued June 9, 1998.  Inventors:  Houghten, R.A., Ostresh, J.M., Blondelle, S.E.
  31. Cytokine restraining agents and methods of use in pathologies and conditions associated with altered cytokine levels. U.S. Patent No. 5,760,001. Issued June 2, 1998.  Inventors:  Girten, B.E., Houghten, R.A., Loullis, C.C., Suto, M.J., Tuttle, R.R.
  32. Cytokine regulatory agents and methods of use in pathologies and conditions associated with altered cytokine levels. U.S. Patent No. 5,726,156. Issued March 10, 1998.  Inventors:  Girten, B.E., Andalbib, A., Basu, A., Fagan, P., Houghten, R.A., Omholt, P., Tuttle, R.R., Suto, M.J., Weber, P.A.
  33. Peptides having anti-melittin activity. U.S. Patent No. 5,698,673. Issued December 16, 1997.  Inventors:  Blondelle, S.E., Pinilla, C., Houghten, R.A.
  34. Melittin-related polypeptides, mixture sets and libraries thereof. U.S. Patent No. 5,645,996. Issued July 8, 1997.  Inventors:  Blondelle, S.E., Houghten, R.A., Pérez-Payá, E.
  35. μ Opioid receptor ligands: agonists and antagonists. U.S. Patent No. 5,641,861. Issued  June 24, 1997.  Inventors:  Dooley, C.T., Houghten, R.A.
  36. Peptide inhibitors of calmodulin. U.S. Patent No. 5,624,902. Issued April 29, 1997.  Inventors:  Blondelle, S.E., Houghten, R.A., Pérez-Payá, E.
  37. Kappa receptor selective opioid peptides. U.S. Patent No. 5,610,271. Issued March 11, 1997.  Inventors:  Dooley, C.T., Houghten, R.A.
  38. Lysine/leucine polypeptides, mixture sets and libraries thereof. U.S. Patent No. 5,582,997. Issued December 10, 1996.  Inventors:  Blondelle, S.E., Houghten, R.A., Pérez-Payá, E.
  39. Viral integrase inhibiting peptides. U.S. Patent No. 5,578,573. Issued November 26, 1996.  Inventors:  Houghten, R.A., Weber, P.A., Plasterk, R.H.A., Puras Lutzke, R.A.
  40. Scanning synthetic peptide combinatorial libraries: Oligopeptide mixture sets having one predetermined residue at a single, predetermined position, methods of making and using the same. U.S. Patent No. 5,556,762. Issued September 17, 1996.  Inventors:  Pinilla, C., Appel, J.R., Houghten, R.A.
  41. Equimolar multiple oligomer mixtures, especially oligopeptide mixtures. U.S. Patent No. 5,504,190. Issued April 2, 1996.  Inventors:  Houghten, R.A., Cuervo, J.H., Pinilla, C., Appel, J.R., Blondelle, S.E.
  42. Peralkylated oligopeptide mixtures. U.S. Patent No. 5,480,971. Issued January 2, 1996.  Inventors:  Houghten, R.A., Ostresh, J.M., Blondelle, S.E.
  43. Mycobacterial recombinants and peptides. U.S. Patent No. 5,478,726. Issued December 26, 1995.  Inventors:  Shinnick, T.M., Houghten, R.A.
  44. Antiviral peptides. U.S. Patent No. 5,441,936. Issued August 15, 1995.  Inventors:  Houghten, R.A., Webber, P.A.
  45. Peptides of the formula (KFmoc)ZZZ and their uses. U.S. Patent No. 5,440,016. Issued August 8, 1995.  Inventors:  Blondelle, S.E., Houghten, R.A.
  46. Cytokine restraining agents. U.S. Patent No. 5,420,109. Issued May 30, 1995.  Inventors:  Suto, M.J., Girten, B.E., Houghten, R.A., Loullis, C.C., Tuttle, R.R.
  47. Opioid peptide inhibitors. U.S. Patent No. 5,367,053. Issued November 22, 1994.  Inventors:  Dooley, C.T., Houghten, R.A.
  48. Amphiphilic peptide compositions and analogues thereof. U.S. Patent No. 5,294,605. Issued March 15, 1994.  Inventors:  Houghten, R.A., Blondelle, S.E.
  49. Peptides that inhibit von willebrand factor binding to the platelet spib receptor. U.S. Patent No. 5,238,919. Issued August 24, 1993.  Inventors:  Zimmerman, T.S., Fujimura, Y., Houghten, R.A., Ruggeri, Z.M.
  50. Deletion and substitution analogues of melittin peptide. U.S. Patent No. 5,235,038. Issued August 10, 1993.  Inventors:  Blondelle, S.E., Houghten, R.A.
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